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#permafrost

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DoomsdaysCW<p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Siberia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Siberia</span></a>: Residents stunned after strange new formations appear across remote landscape: 'The landscape has become pockmarked'</p><p>by Zachary Ehrmann<br>Fri, May 16, 2025</p><p>"Thawing ground in Siberia's remote <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/YamalPeninsula" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>YamalPeninsula</span></a> is warping the landscape — and residents say the changes are becoming impossible to ignore. Strange mounds, sudden sinkholes, and even explosive craters are reshaping the <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/tundra" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tundra</span></a>, alarming locals and researchers alike, per the Malay Mail.</p><p>"These changes are tied to a disturbing trend beneath the surface: the rapid thaw of once-frozen ground, known as <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a>. </p><p>What's happening?</p><p>"As Siberia warms at nearly four times the global average, vast stretches of permafrost are thawing. When this frozen ground melts, it releases methane gas from ancient organic material once safely locked beneath the surface.</p><p>"In the Yamal region, that gas is pushing the earth upward into large mounds that sometimes explode, tearing open the landscape and leaving behind deep craters.</p><p>"Innokenty Poselsky, who bought land in Churapcha, noted that he had about 20 mounds pop up but that it wasn't always like that. 'About 40 years ago, there was an airstrip here and the land used to be quite flat. Over the last four decades, the landscape has become pockmarked. It's like that everywhere here,' he told the Malay Mail.</p><p>"Local villagers, many of whom rely on the tundra for <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/reindeer" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>reindeer</span></a> herding, say their homeland has become nearly unrecognizable. One herder told researchers that familiar flatlands have been replaced by unpredictable swells and holes. </p><p>Why is the thawing of Siberia's permafrost important?</p><p>"Beyond changing the physical landscape, permafrost melt poses major threats to communities and the planet. Thawing ground can damage roads, <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/pipelines" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>pipelines</span></a>, and homes. <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Methane" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Methane</span></a>, the gas being released, is over 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide in the short term. That means this process isn't just a local hazard — it's a global <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/climate" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climate</span></a> risk.</p><p>"Thawing permafrost can also accelerate other problems. Warmer, wetter conditions can spread disease, disrupt food systems, and increase the severity of <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ExtremeWeather" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ExtremeWeather</span></a> events by adding more heat-trapping polluting gases to the atmosphere.</p><p>"While extreme events such as <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/wildfires" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>wildfires</span></a> and <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/floods" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>floods</span></a> aren't new, scientists agree that a hotter planet — caused by human activity, mainly the burning of <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/FossilFuels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>FossilFuels</span></a> — makes them both more destructive and more frequent."</p><p>Source:<br><a href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/residents-stunned-strange-formations-appear-111505716.html" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">yahoo.com/news/residents-stunn</span><span class="invisible">ed-strange-formations-appear-111505716.html</span></a></p><p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/YamalNenets" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>YamalNenets</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ReindeerHerders" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ReindeerHerders</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ArcticCircle" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ArcticCircle</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/GlobalWarming" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalWarming</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateCatastrophe" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateCatastrophe</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/PermafrostMelt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>PermafrostMelt</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/MethaneRelease" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>MethaneRelease</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/MethaneEmissions" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>MethaneEmissions</span></a></p>
DoomsdaysCW<p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Greenland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Greenland</span></a> and <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Iceland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Iceland</span></a> saw <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/RecordHeat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>RecordHeat</span></a> in May. What does that mean for the world?</p><p> By ISABELLA O’MALLEY<br>Updated 1:42 PM EDT, June 11, 2025</p><p>"Human-caused <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> boosted Iceland and Greenland ’s temperatures by several degrees during a record-setting May <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/heatwave" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>heatwave</span></a>, raising concerns about the far-reaching implications melting <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ArcticIce" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ArcticIce</span></a> has for weather around the world, scientists said in an analysis released Wednesday.</p><p>"The Greenland ice sheet melted many times faster than normal during the heat wave, according to the analysis by World Weather Attribution, with at least two communities seeing record temperatures for May. Parts of Iceland saw temperatures more than 10°C (18 °F) above average, and the country set a record for its warmest temperature in May when Egilsstadir Airport hit 26.6°C (79.9 F) on May 15.</p><p>"The findings come as global leaders put more focus on Greenland, a semi-autonomous territory of Denmark, following U.S. President Donald Trump’s comments that he would like to annex the mineral-rich island.</p><p>"Burning <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/FossilFuels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>FossilFuels</span></a> for electricity and transportation releases pollutants such as carbon dioxide that cause the planet to warm unnaturally fast. The Arctic is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth.</p><p>"Even in today’s climate, the occurrence of such a strong heat wave in the region is relatively rare, with a 1% chance of occurring in a year, the analysis said. But without human-caused climate change, such an event would be “basically impossible,” said Friederike Otto, associate professor of climate science at Imperial College London, one of the report’s authors.</p><p>"The extreme heat was 40 times more likely compared to the pre-industrial climate.</p><p>Global impacts from a melting Arctic</p><p>"Otto said this extreme weather event affects the world.</p><p>"As the Greenland ice sheet melts, it releases massive amounts of fresh water into the salty oceans. Scientists say this could slow down the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation [<a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/AMOC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AMOC</span></a>], an ocean current that circulates water from the Gulf of Mexico across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe and then the Arctic.</p><p>"Such a slowdown could disturb global climate and weather patterns.</p><p>“The nature of weather in the Northern Hemisphere is directly tied to what’s happening in the Arctic, because that ice floor basically at the bottom of the atmosphere helps determine the weather patterns that we get,” said Waleed Abdalati, who heads an environmental sciences institute at the University of Colorado Boulder. He was not involved in the WWA analysis.</p><p>"The Greenland ice sheet and other ice covering the Arctic can influence where and when wind blows, how much water content the wind has and whether precipitation falls as rain or snow.</p><p>"Most of the melting of the Greenland ice sheet happens in June, July and August. The May heat wave means there will be a longer melting season this year.</p><p>"Melting ice sheets and glaciers also contribute to <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/SeaLevelRise" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>SeaLevelRise</span></a> that is threatening to flood coastlines globally and inundate low-lying island nations in the Pacific Ocean.</p><p>"<a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Indigenous" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Indigenous</span></a> communities in Greenland are increasingly encountering dangerous travel conditions as sea ice that was once constantly frozen begins to thaw. Access to traditional hunting locations are lost, and sled dogs can no longer travel the same routes. Thawing <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> can destabilize buildings and increases the risk of <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/landslides" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>landslides</span></a> and <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/tsunamis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tsunamis</span></a> caused by landslides." </p><p>Read more:<br><a href="https://apnews.com/article/iceland-greenland-heat-wave-arctic-climate-weather-2f156f6a0c6d1d5f7f3881917c539b83" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">apnews.com/article/iceland-gre</span><span class="invisible">enland-heat-wave-arctic-climate-weather-2f156f6a0c6d1d5f7f3881917c539b83</span></a> </p><p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/GlobalWarming" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalWarming</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateCrisis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateCrisis</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/GlobalHeating" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalHeating</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateCatastrophe" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateCatastrophe</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/FossilFuels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>FossilFuels</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/RenewablesNow" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>RenewablesNow</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/BigOilAndGas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>BigOilAndGas</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Degrowth" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Degrowth</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Oiligarchy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Oiligarchy</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Capitalism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Capitalism</span></a></p>
formuchdeliberation<p>Earth.com: Arctic warming fuels dangerous methane feedback&nbsp;loop…</p><p>The <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/Arctic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Arctic</span></a>, known for its icy landscapes and frozen <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a>, is rapidly transforming due to the intensifying effects of <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/climatechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climatechange</span></a>....</p><p><a href="https://formuchdeliberation.wordpress.com/2025/05/19/earth-com-arctic-warming-fuels-dangerous-methane-feedback-loop/" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">formuchdeliberation.wordpress.</span><span class="invisible">com/2025/05/19/earth-com-arctic-warming-fuels-dangerous-methane-feedback-loop/</span></a></p>
gtbarry<p>It’s the world’s northernmost airport. And its runway is melting</p><p>When Longyearbyen’s 2,300-meter-long runway was built in the early 1970s, no one expected the permafrost layer it was constructed on to start melting. But that is exactly what’s happening now. </p><p><a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/Longyearbyen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Longyearbyen</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/Svalbard" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Svalbard</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/Norway" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Norway</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/airport" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>airport</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/airline" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>airline</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/travel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>travel</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/transportation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>transportation</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/climatechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climatechange</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/svalbard-airport-norway-northermost-melting/index.html" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">cnn.com/travel/svalbard-airpor</span><span class="invisible">t-norway-northermost-melting/index.html</span></a></p>
Nonilex<p><a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Arctic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Arctic</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/warming" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>warming</span></a> could pose a threat to America’s <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/security" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>security</span></a> too: <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Alaska" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Alaska</span></a> may have new vulnerabilities to both <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/China" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>China</span></a> &amp; <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a>; changes in <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/ocean" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ocean</span></a> salinity &amp; temp might interfere w/ <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/submarine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>submarine</span></a> detection systems; extremes of climate change, including <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> thaw in Russia, may drive <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/economic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>economic</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/instability" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>instability</span></a>, social <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/unrest" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>unrest</span></a>, &amp; territorial claims. [<a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Trump" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Trump</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Intelligence" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Intelligence</span></a> Agencies excluded <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> from the annual <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/ThreatAssessment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ThreatAssessment</span></a> report for the first time in decades — too *woke*]</p><p><a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Greenland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Greenland</span></a></p>
PIK_climate<p>Even 'safe' <a href="https://wisskomm.social/tags/climate" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climate</span></a> scenarios may overshoot 2°C warming: New PIK study shows feedback loops like <a href="https://wisskomm.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> thaw could amplify global heating throughout this millennium. Paris agreement only possible with very low emissions + low climate sensitivity.<br><a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/amplified-global-heating-risk-due-to-climate-and-carbon-cycle-feedbacks" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-</span><span class="invisible">news/amplified-global-heating-risk-due-to-climate-and-carbon-cycle-feedbacks</span></a></p>
Sune Auken<p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://fediscience.org/@MartinStendel" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>MartinStendel</span></a></span></p><p>Bio:</p><p>Climate scientist at <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/DMI" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>DMI</span></a>.</p><p>Coordinator of PolarPortal (lots of up-to-date Arctic data) and ROPEWALK (huge Danish logbook digitization project together with @rigsarkivet).</p><p><a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> in the Arctic, in particular <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/Greenland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Greenland</span></a> and in Africa, in particular <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/Tanzania" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Tanzania</span></a>.</p><p>Modelling subsea <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a>.</p><p>Conveying science to the public: <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/IKFF" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IKFF</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/IKlimaforskernesFodspor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IKlimaforskernesFodspor</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.world/tags/BestilEnForsker" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>BestilEnForsker</span></a></p><p>🇪🇺 with dual citizenship 🇩🇰 and 🇩🇪 and (occasionally) tooting in three languages.</p>
HistoPol (#HP) 🏴 🇺🇸 🏴<p>Cc <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://fediscience.org/@rahmstorf" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>rahmstorf</span></a></span></p><p><a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/ClimateCrisis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateCrisis</span></a>:+2.7-3.1•C--Our children and grandchildren still alive in 2100 are so f*cked!</p><p>(1/2)</p><p>By <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/bneIntelliNews" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>bneIntelliNews</span></a></p><p>"The disappearance of <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/SeaIce" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>SeaIce</span></a> and the melting of the <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> in northeast <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> will lead to unpredictable results. Global <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/weather" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>weather</span></a> patterns will be drastically altered, while 👉the melting of the permafrost will release gigatonnes of <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/CO" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CO</span></a>₂ into the atmosphere almost overnight, that has been locked in the <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/ice" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ice</span></a>...</p><p><a href="https://fediscience.org/@rahmstorf/113979473344269758" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">fediscience.org/@rahmstorf/113</span><span class="invisible">979473344269758</span></a></p>
GarretSidzaka<p>A serious geologic issue is occurring in Canada and Alaska.<br><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lxfpgqn6NOo" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="">youtube.com/watch?v=Lxfpgqn6NOo</span><span class="invisible"></span></a><br><a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/environment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>environment</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/climatechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climatechange</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/river" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>river</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/melting" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>melting</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/emergency" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emergency</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/canada" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>canada</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/alaska" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>alaska</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/unitedstates" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>unitedstates</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/usa" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>usa</span></a></p>
Rocky Kistner<p>As <a href="https://journa.host/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> melts into Alaska’s rivers, orange is the new blue: “a consequence of global warming as the melting permafrost released high levels of toxic metals into the river channels imparting the orange hues.” @GreenMatters <a href="https://journa.host/tags/climatechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climatechange</span></a> <br><a href="https://www.greenmatters.com/pn/experts-reveal-why-alaskas-rivers-are-turning-bright-orange-and-its-more-serious-than-you-think" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">greenmatters.com/pn/experts-re</span><span class="invisible">veal-why-alaskas-rivers-are-turning-bright-orange-and-its-more-serious-than-you-think</span></a></p>
Ruth Mottram<p>While I'm sitting in my home office listening to a WMO talk on <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a>, a christmas tree made up of Swedish Gripen's and Danish F35s just flew past my window. </p><p>(Nope, I have not been on the sauce, it's called the Christmas tree flight and the danish military helpfully announced it this morning)</p><p><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/forsvaret.dk/post/3lcub46qgek2c" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">bsky.app/profile/forsvaret.dk/</span><span class="invisible">post/3lcub46qgek2c</span></a></p>
DoomsdaysCW<p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Greenland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Greenland</span></a> is getting greener. That could have huge consequences for the world </p><p>By Angela Dewan, CNN<br>Published February 13, 2024</p><p>"Warmer air temperatures have driven <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/IceLoss" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IceLoss</span></a>, which has in turn raised land temperatures. That has caused the melting of <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a>, a frozen layer just beneath the Earth’s surface and found in much of the <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Arctic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Arctic</span></a>, and that melt releases planet-warming <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/CarbonDioxide" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CarbonDioxide</span></a> and <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/methane" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>methane</span></a>, contributing to more <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/GlobalWarming" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalWarming</span></a>. <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/PermafrostMelt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>PermafrostMelt</span></a> is also causing <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/LandInstability" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>LandInstability</span></a>, which could impact infrastructure and buildings.</p><p>"'We have seen signs that the loss of ice is triggering other reactions which will result in further loss of ice and further ‘greening’ of Greenland, where shrinking ice exposes bare rock that is then colonized by tundra and eventually shrub,' one of the report’s authors, Jonathan Carrivick, said in a press release. 'At the same time, water released from the melting ice is moving sediment and silt, and that eventually forms wetlands and fenlands.'</p><p>"The loss of ice is creating what’s known as a <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/FeedbackLoop" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>FeedbackLoop</span></a>. Snow and ice typically reflect the sun’s energy back into space, preventing excessive heating in parts of the Earth. But as ice disappears, those areas absorb more solar energy, raising land surface temperatures, which can cause further melt and other negative impacts.</p><p>"<a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/IceMelt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IceMelt</span></a> also increases the amount of water in lakes, where water absorbs more heat than snow, which increases land surface temperatures.</p><p>"Greenland has been warming at twice the global mean rate since the 1970s, and the study’s authors warn that more extreme temperatures in the future are likely.</p><p>"Greenland is the world’s biggest island and is mostly covered by ice and <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/glaciers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>glaciers</span></a>. Around 57,000 people live in the country, which is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark. Much of the population is <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/indigenous" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>indigenous</span></a> and many people there rely on natural <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ecosystems" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ecosystems</span></a> for their survival.</p><p>"Michael Grimes, the report’s lead author, said that the flow of sediments and nutrients into coastal waters was particularly problematic for <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/IndigenousCommunities" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IndigenousCommunities</span></a> that rely on fishing, as well as for hunters on other parts of the island.</p><p>"'These changes are critical, particularly for the indigenous populations whose traditional subsistence hunting practices rely on the stability of these delicate <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ecosystems" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ecosystems</span></a>,' he said.</p><p>"'Moreover, the loss of ice mass in Greenland is a substantial contributor to <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/GlobalSeaLevelRise" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalSeaLevelRise</span></a>, a trend that poses significant challenges both now and in the future.'"</p><p><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/13/climate/greenland-ice-loss-vegetation-climate-intl/index.html" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">cnn.com/2024/02/13/climate/gre</span><span class="invisible">enland-ice-loss-vegetation-climate-intl/index.html</span></a></p>
DoomsdaysCW<p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Permafrost</span></a> Thaw May Cause <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Arctic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Arctic</span></a> River Erosion to Speed Up</p><p>October 09, 2024 </p><p>"Permafrost, the thick layer of perennially frozen ground that covers much of the Arctic, slows down the migration of Arctic rivers, according to a new Caltech study. River migration is a common process in which a river's path meanders over time due to erosion of the riverbanks. This rerouting, which can also occur in <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/SuddenFloods" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>SuddenFloods</span></a>, poses a threat for many communities that live along and depend on rivers. The findings also have implications for how the Arctic region will be impacted by a warming climate as permafrost thaws over time.</p><p>"The research was conducted in the Caltech laboratory of Michael Lamb, professor of geology, and is described in a paper appearing in the journal Nature on October 9.</p><p>"Led by graduate student Emily Geyman, the study focused on the <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/KoyukukRiver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>KoyukukRiver</span></a>, a large tributary of the <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/YukonRiver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>YukonRiver</span></a> that winds for hundreds of miles through interior Alaska. There was debate within the scientific community about whether the frozen soil along the riverbanks serves to fortify the banks against erosion or to promote it.</p><p>"'Large rivers like the Yukon or the Amazon can move tens to hundreds of feet per year,' Geyman says. "Arctic rivers in particular differ from temperate rivers because they need to thaw the material of their banks before they can pick that material up and move it.'</p><p>"Due to <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a>, permafrost is slowly thawing over decades. But a river can experience drastic natural changes within a single year, with flow conditions changing from very cold and fast in early spring to warm and slow a few months later. Geyman and her collaborators leveraged these major changes that take place within a single season to gain a glimpse into how the rivers will behave in response to climate change decades or centuries into the future.</p><p>"In spring, the Koyukuk River swells in volume from snowmelt, flowing with fast, cold water. For more temperate rivers, a fast flow means more erosion. But in the Arctic, the temperature of the water matters—cold water is unable to thaw the frozen banks in order to migrate.</p><p>"In the new study, Geyman and her collaborators used satellite imagery of the Koyukuk over the past several years and developed a technique to decode high-resolution changes from the images. The team hypothesized that if permafrost was slowing the river's migration, they should only see migration later in the summer when the river water has warmed up. Their hypothesis matched with the satellite data, suggesting that permafrost does, in fact, slow down river migration.</p><p>"Next, the team compared sections of the river that flow through permafrost with those that do not. The Koyukuk is special because it traverses a patchwork of both permafrost and unfrozen ground. The team traveled to the Arctic to map the erosion on various bends of the river and found that sections without permafrost migrated twice as fast as analogous riverbends through permafrost terrain.</p><p>"The research is part of a larger effort to understand the dynamics of rivers and how they transport carbon, nutrients, and other materials trapped in the soil.</p><p>"'River migration has implications for local communities and infrastructure, and also for the Arctic environment,' Lamb says. 'About 1,500 gigatons of <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/carbon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>carbon</span></a> are stored in the frozen permafrost—about twice as much carbon as in the atmosphere, for comparison. There is also <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/mercury" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>mercury</span></a> frozen in the soil that could be liberated into rivers as permafrost thaws. We are, ultimately, trying to understand what happens to these elements in the context of river erosion.'</p><p>"The work was a collaboration with local Alaska <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Native" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Native</span></a> communities, in particular from the town of <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Huslia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Huslia</span></a>."</p><p>Read more:<br><a href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/permafrost-thaw-may-cause-arctic-river-erosion-to-speed-up" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">caltech.edu/about/news/permafr</span><span class="invisible">ost-thaw-may-cause-arctic-river-erosion-to-speed-up</span></a> </p><p><a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/GlobalWarming" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalWarming</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/PermafrostMelt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>PermafrostMelt</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/MercuryPoisoning" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>MercuryPoisoning</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/CarbonSinks" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CarbonSinks</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/WaterIsLife" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>WaterIsLife</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Arctic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Arctic</span></a> <a href="https://kolektiva.social/tags/Alaska" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Alaska</span></a></p>
Nonilex<p>But a new study published Wed in the journal <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/Nature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Nature</span></a> shows that blowing past <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/climate" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>climate</span></a> goals is more dangerous than it originally seemed. Even if temperatures come back down to 1.5°C, the authors found, many climate impacts — like rising <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/SeaLevels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>SeaLevels</span></a> &amp; thawing <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> — will persist for centuries to millennia.</p><p><a href="https://masto.ai/tags/ClimateCrisis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateCrisis</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/ClimateScience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateScience</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/GlobalWarming" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalWarming</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/ExtremeWeather" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ExtremeWeather</span></a> <a href="https://masto.ai/tags/VoteBlue" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>VoteBlue</span></a> <br><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08020-9" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">nature.com/articles/s41586-024</span><span class="invisible">-08020-9</span></a></p>
O=C=O<p>Researchers find unexpectedly large methane source in overlooked landscape</p><p>...reported that upland landscapes were releasing some of the highest <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/methane" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>methane</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/emissions" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emissions</span></a>. Even more, the methane consisted of carbon thousands of years older than what researchers had previously seen. Even though <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/Yedoma" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Yedoma</span></a> soils only cover 3% of the <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> region, they contain over 25% of the total <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/carbon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>carbon</span></a> stored in northern permafrost soils.</p><p><a href="https://phys.org/news/2024-08-unexpectedly-large-methane-source-overlooked.html" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">phys.org/news/2024-08-unexpect</span><span class="invisible">edly-large-methane-source-overlooked.html</span></a></p><p><a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/ClimateScience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateScience</span></a><br><a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/ClimateCatastrophe" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateCatastrophe</span></a> <br><a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/Cryosphere" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Cryosphere</span></a></p>
Ruth Mottram<p>Not a surprise, the global <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> area is declining... </p><p>Conclusions from Harley McCourt <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/IGSnorthumbria2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IGSnorthumbria2024</span></a></p>
Ruth Mottram<p>An update on the state of global <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> from Harley McCourt at <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/IGSNorthumbria2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>IGSNorthumbria2024</span></a></p>
Chuck Darwin<p>The <a href="https://c.im/tags/Batagay" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Batagay</span></a> or <a href="https://c.im/tags/Batagaika" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Batagaika</span></a> crater in Siberia often referred to as the "Doorway to the Underworld" or the<br> "Gateway to Hell" is a <br><a href="https://c.im/tags/permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>permafrost</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/megaslump" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>megaslump</span></a> in Yakutia, Russia. </p><p>Dimensions vary by source, but the site covers around 192 acres (78 hectares) <br>and stretches two thirds of a mile (one kilometer) in length. </p><p>Logged of trees in the 1960s, its walls reach a depth of around 180 feet (55 meters) <br>and expose 650,000 years of geologic history. </p><p>Since first spotted in the 1960s by surveillance satellites, the crater has grownfrom an insignificant gully to a massive depression at an accelerating rate. </p><p>According to Sarah Cadieux, Sr. Lecturer and Associate Director of Environmental Science of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, <br>the crater area increased by almost three times from 1991 to 2018.</p><p>The Batagaika crater isn’t a crater at all, <br>it’s a <a href="https://c.im/tags/retrogressive" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>retrogressive</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/thaw" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>thaw</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/slump" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>slump</span></a>, a type of terrain called <a href="https://c.im/tags/thermokarst" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>thermokarst</span></a> that occurs in areas underlain by permafrost. </p><p>No longer cooled by forest cover, the slump has become a self-sustaining <a href="https://c.im/tags/feedback" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>feedback</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/loop" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>loop</span></a>, <br>a portion of the ecosystem which has tipped into a new state. </p><p>This is not an isolated case, but rather a rapidly growing problem in the Arctic as <br>💥it warms three to four times the rate of the rest of the planet since 1979.</p><p>Called Arctic or polar <a href="https://c.im/tags/amplification" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>amplification</span></a>, this phenomenon is a well established fact measured by instruments, <br>confirmed in climate computer models, <br>and reinforced by paleoclimate records. </p><p>Powerful anecdotal evidence occurred in the scorching heatwave of 2020 that saw the Russian town of Verkhoyansk <br>which lies north of the Arctic Circle hit a stunning 38° C (100.4° F) on June 20. </p><p>2020 also saw overall temperatures in the Siberian basin rise to nearly 11° F above normal,<br> shocking scientists and releasing <a href="https://c.im/tags/ancient" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ancient</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/methane" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>methane</span></a> <br>not from ancient organic material, <br>but from <a href="https://c.im/tags/limestone" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>limestone</span></a>. </p><p>Elevated methane in wetlands was expected, but not from <a href="https://c.im/tags/outgassing" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>outgassing</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/rock" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>rock</span></a>.</p><p>A year later in 2021 Europe’s climate change service Copernicus Sentinel satellites recorded 118° F (48° C) in the Sakha Republic of Arctic Siberia, <br>and records continue to fall with temperatures over 100° F in 2023 as reported by CNN.</p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://spore.social/@gdeihl" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>gdeihl</span></a></span></p><p><a href="https://geoffreydeihl.substack.com/p/permafrost-maybe-not" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">geoffreydeihl.substack.com/p/p</span><span class="invisible">ermafrost-maybe-not</span></a></p>
Flipboard Science Desk<p>Earth’s "Gateway to Hell" is growing in Siberia.</p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://universeodon.com/@popsci" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>popsci</span></a></span> reports "the Batagay megaslump is a sign of the times."</p><p><a href="https://flip.it/BNu6U6" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="">flip.it/BNu6U6</span><span class="invisible"></span></a></p><p><a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Permafrost</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Arctic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Arctic</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Climate" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Climate</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Siberia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Siberia</span></a></p>
Flipboard Science Desk<p>Why are some rivers in Alaska turning orange?</p><p>CNN reports on a new study about thawing permafrost in the journal Communications: Earth &amp; Environment.</p><p><a href="https://flip.it/z9Eh.l" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="">flip.it/z9Eh.l</span><span class="invisible"></span></a></p><p>Here's the original study: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01446-z" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">nature.com/articles/s43247-024</span><span class="invisible">-01446-z</span></a></p><p><a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Alaska" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Alaska</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Permafrost" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Permafrost</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/River" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>River</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/ClimateChange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClimateChange</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Climate" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Climate</span></a> <a href="https://flipboard.social/tags/Science" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Science</span></a></p>